SAM: Simultaneous Adjustment and Mapping Using SLAM & ISO

Self-driving vehicles R&D has been evolving over the past few years. Self-driving depends on several integrated

technologies, one of which is high-definition mapping & map-based localization. The art and science of mapping along with national and international standards and specifications have resulted in adequate quality mapping products especially in the civilized part of the world for construction, infrastructure, and transportation networks but not satisfactory enough for more critical precision needed for autonomous driving. The developing part of the world lacks the existence of many mapping products let alone high-definition maps. Therefore, on one hand, the lack of high-definition maps might be an obstacle for self-driving vehicle development.